The Warsaw Ghetto

In September 1939 the Germans took control of Poland and Warsaw after a three week siege. There was no love lost between the Germans and the Poles and it soon became clear that the Nazis, considering themselves a 'Master Race', valued Polish life at next to nothing. As was later demonstrated, on an unprecedented scale, this was one step up from the value they put on Jewish life.

As early as November 1939 in Warsaw the first decrees intended to denigrate the Jewish people were issued by the Nazis - the most notable of which was that all Jews over the age of twelve years were forced to identify themselves by wearing a Star of David on their sleeve. These first measures were just the start of a long process however, and with more edicts issued every month it wasn't long before the Jews were reduced to the status of slaves and chattel. They were forbidden to work in either key industries or government institutions, to bake bread, to earn more than 500 zloty a month, to travel by train or trolley-bus, to leave the city limits without special permits, to possess gold or jewellery, plus all Jewish shops and enterprises had also to be marked with the Star of David. In addition to these official oppressions, Jews were summarily humiliated, beaten or even executed for little or spurious reason. In short they lived their lives in a state of constant fear.

Plans for a Jewish ghetto had in fact existed since the beginning of the Nazi occupation of Warsaw, but in October 1940 they finally began to take form. A small district South West of the Old Town, in the centre of the city, was chosen and 113,000 Poles were evacuated to make way for Warsaw's 400,000 Jews. Thirty percent of the city's population were now living in an area that constituted less than three square miles, or 2.4 % of the capital. In November that area was closed off by a formidable wall, topped with barbed wire.

Life in the ghetto started off tough and quickly got worse. At first some semblance of normal life presided: cafes were still open, newspapers published (newspapers from 'the outside' were forbidden), school lessons took place and people strived to continual a normal existence as best as they could. Those who had managed to hold on to any of their wealth in particular were able to live in a small degree of comfort. Smuggling food into the ghetto was common, either by bribing guards at the gates, or carrying it in via underground canals - whilst poorer people would send their children over to the 'Aryan side' to steal what they could. The official food ration of around 200 calories a day per person was less than 10 percent of the ration for Germans (and about 25% of the ration for Poles).

As more and more Jews were brought in from the neighbouring towns and villages, conditions became yet more cramped. Money for bribes was drying out (and was only ever the privilege of a few) and the poor people of the ghetto, skeletal and wretched, began starving en masse. In addition to death by starvation a typhoid epic, caused by the poor sanitary conditions, broke out; meaning that by April 1941 the mortality rate in the ghetto was a staggering six thousand people per month. Funeral carts would come and collect the bodies every morning, between 4-5am; mostly the corpses were dumped naked on the streets - the families were forced to strip their relatives in order to sell the clothes.

Whilst the Jews in the ghetto were dying, they weren't dying quickly enough as far as Berlin was concerned. Hitler's original plans to ship all European Jews to Africa were proved impractical, and so it was that the chilling 'Final Solution' was decided upon, early in 1942. Between July and September of that year 300,000 ghetto Jews were transported to the Treblinka Extermination Camp, in the Nazis first mass deportation effort. At first few believed, including the Jews themselves, that the rumours of these death camps were real - preferring to believe that they being sent to hard labour camps. Eventually the evidence that was fed back (by escapees from the camps and by various secret agents and journalists) became irrefutable. The 60,000 remaining occupants of the ghetto had no choice but to confront the awful truth.

When the Nazis prepared to organise a second deportation to Treblinka in 1943 the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began.

* Several survivors of the ghetto are still alive today. And out of respect to all the internees of the ghetto, we kindly ask that reviewers write only essential comments. Thank you.

This article on the Warsaw Ghetto is meant to be an informative introduction to Warsaw's history for travellers, and is not meant to be used for academic research. Please do not use it for any academic papers, but instead refer to published academic works and textbooks.*

Moderated page. Comments will be published after editorial review.

add your comments

This is a good informative piece of writing but it didn't give me all the answers i needed, i would suggest this for some consequences but this does not cover all the subjects on ghettos.

reviewed by Abigail Lee from United Kingdom on Jan.26.2012

My biological father Stephen Radchuk died trying to fight for freedom for Poland, and my mom Olyssa died shortly after she was captured. How would i try to find my dads name on the ghetto wall in Warsaw Poland. Where can i find my dads name.

reviewed by Olga Stephnovia Radchuk from Poland on Jan.22.2012

Could some one please do a citation MLA style for this article.

reviewed by Joe from United Kingdom on Jan.10.2012

I mean the holocaust was awful we all know that you dont need to read some article to tell you that. Everything that the Nazis did to those people were just plain mean I dont understand why someone would do that. If they think they were true Christians they are completlly wrong, they would have never done that if they belived in Jesus like a true Christian. BUT THEY DONT. but anyway i just read this because i had to make a powerpoint on the holocaust in English since we're reading Night. (if you read all of this you have no life, im just procrastinating)

reviewed by Dont Worry Boutit from United States on Dec.06.2011

this didnt talk anything about the life in the ghetto!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

reviewed by crystal from United States on Dec.01.2011

pretty cool and informative :)

reviewed by Biannca from United States on Nov.22.2011

This is a great article gave me a lot of answers to questions i had. Thanks for helping me with my homework.

Also, I would just like to point out that not all christians hated jews. Nor do they today. As a christian, i would like to say that the bible says we are all equal, and all deserve the same rights. Those nazi's who said they were christians weren't probably real christians because somebody who TRULLY believes in God's word, would not carry through with the horrible deeds that they performed.

reviewed by Felicia from United States on Nov.05.2011

i think that what happen'd was horrible, i'm glad its over. and good article.

reviewed by Elliot of PVMS from United States on Oct.03.2011

Brilliant, very well written, very helpful.

I didn't know Hitler had plans to ship the Jews to Africa! Learn something new every day..

Ignore these morons on the comments, I think you have done a great job. 10/10!

reviewed by Joseph from United Kingdom on Sep.07.2011

Goood (:

reviewed by kkkk from United States on Sep.02.2011

Virtually no one alive today in the United States can imagine the horror and inhumanity that the Jews of Poland suffered during the second world war. It is a great benefit to humanity and particularly to those who still live in freedom to be aware of all that happens when a totalitarian regime controls people. Lest we forget, the very same fate that befell the Jews of Poland in 1939 - 1945 could happen anywhere - including Americaor the UK at any time in the future.

reviewed by Joe from Rockledge, Florida from United States on Aug.07.2011

Fantastic review and really informative!!

reviewed by Bert from United Kingdom on Jun.22.2011

this is absolutely incredible
thank you so much
you have a true talent with information it helped me soo much!
i defiantly recommend other people to read it :) xxo

reviewed by I LOVE JUSTIN BIEBER from United States on Jun.21.2011

this helped me great deal saince i had to write a essay about the holocaust! thanks very much!

reviewed by asif gudhan from Bulgaria on Jun.12.2011

hey I loved the article. I am only 13 and hate to read thing that go on and on and on, but this article was great I wasn't bored at all like I would have been as usually. I was working on the project about it and I got and A+ the teacher asked where I got the info and I told her and she loved it also. I hope that you make more sighs like this, it was be great.

reviewed by polina scimone from United States on Jun.03.2011

interesting and deatiled but brief at the same time! ;)

Downfall: state the purpose of the ghettos

reviewed by minnie from United Kingdom on May.26.2011

Thankyou so much, your information has helped me in my school work, I have to write a report based on what the ghetto's were like in warsaw and how they lived their lives.

This has also made me realise all those people who lost their lives.. R.I.P!

reviewed by Nirvana (: from United Kingdom on May.23.2011

you should add information about Irena Sendler. she rescued 2,500 children from the Warsaw ghetto

reviewed by from United States on May.18.2011

Great article. What people do not know is that Jews have been targets of terrorism since before the creation of the Catholic church and Christianity. It was christians that taught and practiced anti-semitism for over 1700 years and why Hitler targeted the Jews. Hitler was a devote roman catholic and all nazis have only been white, catholics, christian and heterosexuals. I was told by an old christian hyngarian man who witnessed this that it was supported by most European christians because they were afraid the Jews were going to take over control of Europe.
Hitler didn't invent ghettos or concentration camps. The American christians did. They attempted to exterminate the American Indians and put many of them in concentration camps where they were murdered. They terrorized the blacks (slavery is a form of terrorism).
During WW-II, the Americans were reluctant to enter the European war because the Germans were christians. Americans had no problem going to war with non white and non christian countries like Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan (did I miss any?).

Even the cold war was a religious war against communism that was against religion. It was about christianity.

Nazis did not die out, they just changed their uniforms, their M O and still target Jews, Blacks, Homosexuals, poor, gypsies, disabled, mentally ill, mentally retarded and all that are not white, christian and heterosexual. They jsut haven't built the concentration camps yet, though there is a sheriff in Arizona that is testing out a design for cheap concentration camps and is filling them with poor Mexicans.

reviewed by Frederick Goldman from United States on May.15.2011

if one wants to read an excellent book about the Warsaw experience, I recommend the book-'The Boy'. its about the famous foto of the boy with the hat on and he is holding his hands up like he is surrenduring to thet Nazis. its an excellent read about the people who may have known him as well as their experiences during the uprising.

reviewed by david from United States on May.12.2011

Exactly how many are still living today?

reviewed by Marissa from United States on May.12.2011

Exactly what I was looking for.

reviewed by . from United States on May.11.2011

we r 1 but we r many the jews must die so we could live

reviewed by George Maclarin from United States on May.10.2011

thanks for the fantastic information! this has helped a ton for my project. God bless all families affected by this horrible thing.

reviewed by Tori from United States on May.04.2011

thanks fr the info

reviewed by from United States on May.04.2011

I am actually watching the pianist, It is so horrific how people can do this to human lives, especially the children. Well everyone who was involved in this unspeakable tortures, If they havent paid the price in this life, they will pay with their souls in the next!

reviewed by Andrea from United States on May.02.2011

thanks for the info it should help with my english storybook

reviewed by Catherine from United States on Apr.27.2011

Really good article, helped a lot with research. Respect for all those that suffered in the Ghetto.

reviewed by ash from United States on Apr.27.2011

god bless to all lives lost and thankyou for this information it shall help with my project. :)

reviewed by brittany from United Kingdom on Apr.26.2011

hey pretty good work just one thing i saw so far... when the germans took poland it was a 2 weeks siege then the soviets came in and ended it. meaning the germans took half of poland the soviets took half as well.

reviewed by Taylor Weeks from United States on Apr.25.2011

Eunice.
Don't compare your hardships to the Jewish people. Did American people starve you to death, throw you in a camp, or tell you that you were getting a shower... then gas you? I don't think so. Times have changed.
Thanks.
Lovely article!

reviewed by Mel from United States on Apr.11.2011

Thanks for the good information.

reviewed by Anonymous from United States on Apr.08.2011

wow i feel so bad for these people but they will always be in out memory. one last thing no one is perfect we are all equal.

reviewed by brenda from United States on Apr.06.2011

God bless all the Jews and all the people who suffered! I love them all and pray they are now living in bliss.

reviewed by Jessica from United States on Apr.02.2011

find it funny how the united kingdom people think we're dumb but we're more advanced than they are ...

reviewed by saul ortiz from United States on Apr.01.2011

I am currently reading Jerry Spinelli's novel, Milkweed. The events depicted are despicable - unspeakable things I never knew happened to the Jews in Warsaw. Your site confirms for me that Spinelli did his homework before writing the novel.

reviewed by Angela from United States on Mar.31.2011

This is a great source to help me write my book based on the Holocaust! Very useful information.

God bless all of the people who perished during this terrible time where hope for a peaceful future seemed impossible. I cannot imagine living in such a world and I pray for the souls who were victims and survivors of such times. RIP.

reviewed by Emily from Canada on Mar.29.2011

numerous amounts of comments include the term A on my project, it seems as if this sight is meant for english projects but right now i am not sure if this website will confide me with the A i want and surely deserve, also the comment with the story from your grandfather, it must have been very interesting especially from a relative.

reviewed by dadadelly from United States on Mar.28.2011

a lot better than most of the other information sites that come up on google. The information was clear and intresting 9/10

reviewed by george ellingham from Bermuda on Mar.25.2011

THIS PAGE HELPED ME A LOT!! HOPE THOSE PEOPLE REST IN PEACE FOR ALL THEY WENT THROUGH :(

reviewed by CRISTAL from United States on Mar.24.2011

This page is FULL of great information. Thank you so much, this is going to be a definite help with my Holocaust project!

reviewed by Wyatt from United States on Mar.16.2011

god bless all the jews that died may them rest in peace i got an A plus on my project this contains many interesting info thank u:)

reviewed by jakie the yoda from United States on Mar.11.2011

Good overall summary. It's hard to grasp what it was like without being there. I know a man who is 90 now. He was 18 when the German army invaded Poland. He said that when the German army first moved in, they made the Jewish community in Warsaw clean up all the mess from the battle. He said that they first rounded up all the intellectuals and "beat the spirit out of them." He says that one day, he and 3 friends were on their way to a labor site, in a truck, when they jumped out and ran. Then they hid behind a house across the river from the Russian controlled territory of Poland. After 3 days of hiding, they crossed the river because a snow storm gave them cover. When they made it across the border, eventually they were captured by Russian authorities. The man I know was sent to work in a forced labor camp where they were only given 800g of bread and a bowl of soup every day. He said about 1/2 of all the people who went into the work camp didn't make it out alive.

reviewed by J.Stewart from United States on Mar.07.2011

This site is very insightful and is helping me through the hard times of an English project.

reviewed by Skyler Nicholas from United States on Mar.07.2011

Please pray for the people who died and hope that they all are happy in heaven!

reviewed by Melinda from United States on Mar.05.2011

Could have been a little easier to read.... but helped me get an a

reviewed by Nick from United States on Mar.03.2011

hope these people got to heaven and were safe within gods wings well i know they were:]

reviewed by from United States on Feb.26.2011

helped me get an A on my project!!!!!!!!

reviewed by gabbison from United States on Feb.24.2011

this is great and has some good info on it :)
thanks

reviewed by alison from United Kingdom on Feb.15.2011

God Bless all the Jews who died, & went through this.. R.I.P.

reviewed by Christina from United States on Feb.14.2011

great website, got a lot of information for a paper I was writing for English

reviewed by Eleanore from United States on Feb.08.2011

This was very helpful for some classwork I was assigned in English. I love learning about the Holocaust, although it was a tragedy, I find that a lot can be learned from it. Yet, it is up to humanity to take in, and learn from all of its horrific mistakes. Anyways, thanks again!

reviewed by Tamera from United States on Feb.04.2011

this website is better than the website my teacher gave us to find info on! I hope i ace my presentation but im not worried anymore!

reviewed by susie from United States on Jan.30.2011

as a gay american i feel for these people

reviewed by SillyBoy from United States on Jan.25.2011

i like how no one talks about stalin who murded more than hitler had and were his ally? whats up with that? he wiped out around 13 million Ukrainians by starving them. including my great grandma! dont get me wrong hitler was insane in the membrane. its disturbing what he did. only if his art teacher accepted him in the art college germany wouldnt have a cruel dictator but a upset artist ahahahah

reviewed by michael from United States on Jan.20.2011

i thought this was quite good :P

reviewed by ___ from United States on Jan.10.2011

this is really helpful i have to do a report on my topic of the nazis and this is so helpful
i do feel sorry for german people as i know what happens someone mentions germany and hitler comes into it not all the germans helped hitler some did actually protest

reviewed by shannon from United Kingdom on Jan.04.2011

if you are, against jews, why comment in the first place!
Great Website! Gave me a lot of information for my project!
Thanks!

reviewed by Alexia from Hong Kong on Dec.15.2010

i really wish i was around when this was going on, i would have done everything i could have to save as many jews as i could :*(

reviewed by Gab from United States on Dec.15.2010

I have read all of the comments made about this article. I brought this article up because I have students who are researching the different points of view about World War II. In reading all of your comments, I find a myriad of differing viewpoints from all around the world about what took place in the Warsaw Ghetto.
The one constant that remains is the fact that all people are created equally with the ability to choose right from wrong. We are all influenced by the politics and beliefs of those around us---but we can choose to be humane in our dealings with others--- no matter race, color, religion, political beliefs or sexual orientation. I would hope and pray that these Historical events such as the Holocaust, World Wars, Internment Camps, Genocide, Wounded Knee, Civil War, 9/11, Blood Diamonds, terrorist bombings. . . etc.,
would give humans time to pause and reflect on the nature of man. BUT in reading many of these comments I still see that as a HUMAN RACE we still have miles to go before we sleep
PEACEFULLY. So from my personal veiwpoint--I choose in the words of John Lennon-- to see the world as one.

reviewed by kds from United States on Dec.06.2010

I can only say that im gonna ace my project, thanks a bunch you guys at warsaw-life.com

reviewed by bubba j from United States on Dec.06.2010

very very cruel and wondering who could do such a thing like this!!!!???

reviewed by rebecca from United States on Dec.03.2010

Were was the famous god during this time.

reviewed by Unknown from United States on Dec.02.2010

If Hitler had carried out his plan to send the Jews to Africa, it would have been wonderful for our continent. The contributions made by the Jewish people would have been great, and maybe Africa in parts would have been more civilised than it is today!

reviewed by Li from South Africa on Nov.29.2010

it's horrible that the world would have to go through something like this; however, we all know the consequences and hopefully nothing like this will happen again: after all, history repeats itself so everyone should be well informed about our history-especially the holocaust-to ensure something like this never happens again.
:)

reviewed by ;) from United States on Nov.27.2010

As horrendous as this was,
all Jewish people owe a big
"Thank You" to Hitler.
Had this not occured, there would never be an Israel.
6 words to all jew-haters,
"Ain't never going to happen
again"

reviewed by Benjamin from United States on Nov.20.2010

Cruel !!

reviewed by Angel from New Zealand on Nov.18.2010

Very helpful. I've just finished a project on the holocaust and this has been very helpful for me.

reviewed by :D from United Kingdom on Nov.03.2010

Its so cruel how people could do this i mean im german and i get a bad wrap but people need to get over that.! But this is an acurate article

reviewed by George :D from Germany on Oct.20.2010

Helpful site!! It is remarkable that many Jews, perhaps most, back "gun control", despite the fact that the Nazis were able to murder millions, because their victims had been disarmed.

reviewed by Jay Simkin from United States on Oct.17.2010

It makes grim reading. The genocide of the jewish people. I cannot even begin to imagine the suffering of the people. Babies and infants, young children left without medical care or food and it makes me so angry when others deny the holocaust took place.Never again.

reviewed by eleanor dahlstrom from United Kingdom on Jul.31.2010

Read the Manor and the Estate from Isaach B. Singer to get taste of how jews live in Poland before and after the Warsaw Ghetto. Google it please.

reviewed by Juan from United States on Jul.29.2010

"Shannon" that is completely uncalled for. You should be ashamed of yourself. Death or abuse of any person in horrible. I am embarrassed by your comment and you should be too.

reviewed by Lauren from United States on Jul.08.2010

The article is great, very helpful for students who want to learn about it. I must say in response to Shannon from the United States, what an ignorant response, absolutely stupid. Yes, the Holocaust against Europe's Jews was more horrendous than what happened/happens to Blacks in the U.S. but they also suffered terribly and have every right to compare their sufferings. I am a white 64 year old woman who grew up in the South and I witnessed what they suffered. Shannon needs to educate herself much much more before daring to make a fool of herself speaking as she did.

reviewed by C. MOrgan from United States on Jul.07.2010

This was a very resourceful site, although it did not contain any information about a life as a victim in this Ghetto.

reviewed by Mariah from United States on Jun.07.2010